Roach, W. J., Simard S. W., Defrenne, C. E., Pickles, B. J., Lavkulich, L.M. & Ryan, T. L. (2021). Tree diversity, site index and carbon storage decrease with aridity in Douglas-fir forests in western Canada. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, 682076.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.682076/full#:~:text=Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20as,productive%2C%20carbon%2Drich%20forests

(see #2 in Diagrams, below)

Note: The forest carbon pool percentages were derived from three plots in the Malcolm Knapp (MK) forest, a mature second growth Douglas-fir forest in the Coastal Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone. It was the closest data available for a coastal temperate forest carbon pool measurement done in accord with the carbon pool methodology used in the carbon budget model (CBM), with which Canada measures forest carbon sequestration. 

Bormann, B.T. & Kramer, M. G. (2008). Can ecosystem-process studies contribute to new management strategies in coastal Pacific Northwest and Alaska? Northwest Science, 72(2), 77-83. https://eurekamag.com/research/003/059/003059021.php

(see #3 in Diagrams, below)

Dean, C., Kirkpatrick, J. B., & Friedland, A. J. (2017). Conventional intensive logging promotes loss of organic carbon from the mineral soil. Global Change Biology, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13387 

Homann, P.S. & Remillard, S.M. & Harmon, M.E. & Bormann, Bernard. (2004). Carbon storage in coarse and fine fractions of Pacific Northwest old-growth forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 68. 10.2136/sssaj2004.2023. 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43261002_Carbon_Storage_in_Coarse_and_Fine_Fractions_of_Pacific_Northwest_Old-Growth_Forest_Soils

James, J., & Harrison, R. (2016). The effect of harvest on forest soil carbon: a meta-analysis. Forests, 7(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7120308 

Mayer, M., Prescott, C. E., Abaker, W. E. A., Augusto, L., Cécillon, L., Ferreira, G. W. D., James, J., Jandl, R., Katzensteiner, K., Laclau, J.-P., Laganière, J., Nouvellon, Y., Paré, D., Stanturf, J. A., Vanguelova, E. I., & Vesterdal, L. (2020). Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management, 466, 118127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127 

D’Amore David and Kane, Evan (2023) Forest soil carbon and climate change. USDA FS Climate Change Resource Centre  https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/Forest-Soil-Carbon-Climate-Change_CCRC.pdf

Krishnan, P., Black, T. A., Jassal, R. S., Chen, B., Nesic, Z. (2009). Interannual variability of the carbon balance of three different-aged Douglas-fir stands in the Pacific Northwest, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 114(G4). https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/community/publication/interannual-variability-of-the-carbon-balance-of-three-different-aged-douglas-fir-stands-in-the-pacific-northwest/

Stephenson, N. L., Das, A. J., Condit, R., Russo, S. E., Baker, P. J., Beckman, N. G., ... & Zavala, M. A. (2014). Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature, 507(7490), 90-93. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12914

Suchanek, T., Mooney, H. A., Franklin, J., Gucinski, H. & Ustin, S. (2004). Carbon dynamics of an old-growth forest. Ecosystems. 7. 421-426. 10.1007/s10021-004-0134-7. 

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tom-Suchanek/publication/273319184_Carbon_Dynamics_of_an_Old-growth_Forest/links/54fe0a720cf2eaf210b22bfc/Carbon-Dynamics-of-an-Old-growth-Forest.pdf

Note: The carbon flux tower in the Wind River Experimental Forest in Washington state, a 500 year old Douglas Fir/Hemlock stand, provides the only consistent old growth carbon flux data for the Pacific northwest. The three Canadian coastal carbon flux towers described in Krishnan et al. are on managed Douglas-fir forests on Vancouver Island and are all less than 100 years old (see Krishnan et al. source included here).

https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/sites/site-search/#igbp=ENF

AmeriFlux is a network of PI-managed sites measuring ecosystem CO2, water, and energy fluxes in North, Central and South America. It was established to connect research on field sites representing major climate and ecological biomes, including tundra, grasslands, savanna, crops, and conifer, deciduous, and tropical forests.

Bysouth, D., Boan, J. J., Malcolm, J. R., and Taylor, A. R. (2024). High emissions or carbon neutral? Inclusion of “anthropogenic” forest sinks leads to underreporting of forestry emissions. Front. For. Glob. Change. 6:1297301. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1297301

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1297301/full

Chadid Hernandez, M. (2024). Estimating carbon stocks and fluxes in an experimental logging trial within British Columbia’s inland temperate rainforest. UNBC thesis https://doi.org/10.24124/2024/59531

Dean, C., Kirkpatrick, J. B., & Friedland, A. J. (2017). Conventional intensive logging promotes loss of organic carbon from the mineral soil. Global Change Biology, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13387 

DellaSala, D. A., Keith, H., Sheehan, T., Strittholt, J., Mackey, B., Connolly, M., Werner, J. R., & Fredeen, A. L. (2022). Estimating carbon stocks and stock changes in Interior Wetbelt forests of British Columbia, Canada. Ecosphere, 13(4), e4020. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4020 

Malcolm, J. R., Holtsmark, B., & Piascik, P. W. (2020). Forest harvesting and the carbon debt in boreal east-central Canada. Climatic Change, 161(3), 433-449.

https://academic.daniels.utoronto.ca/forestry/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/04/Malcolm_online_2020_Article_ForestHarvestingAndTheCarbonDe.pdf

“After a first rotation of harvesting, carbon stocks declined 33–50% relative to stocks in the natural, fire-dominated landscapes and payback periods ranged from 92 to 757 years.”

Nave, L. E., Vance, E. D., Swanston, C. W., & Curtis, P. S. (2010). Harvest impacts on soil carbon storage in temperate forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(5), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.009 

Noormets, A., Epron, D., Domec, J. C., McNulty, S. G., Fox, T., Sun, G., & King, J. S. (2015). 

Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: A review and hypothesis. Forest Ecology and Management, 355, 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.019 

Roach et al. 2021 (see article reference above)

Senez-Gagnon, F., Thiffault, E., Paré, D., Achim, A., & Bergeron, Y. (2018). Dynamics of detrital carbon pools following harvesting of a humid eastern Canadian balsam fir boreal forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 430, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.07.044 

Trofymow, J. A., Stinson, G. Kurz, W. A. (2008). Derivation of a spatially explicit 86-year retrospective carbon budget for a landscape undergoing conversion from old-growth to managed forests on Vancouver Island, BC. Forest Ecology and Management, 256 (2008) 1677–1691

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112708002235

Note: Data collected at the 2500 ha Oyster River area of Fluxnet-Canada’s coastal BC Station second and third growth. 

“Despite their high productivity, the area’s forests are not likely to attain C densities of the landscape prior to industrial logging because the stands will not reach pre-logging ages.”

Dymond, C. C. (2012). Forest carbon in North America: Annual storage and emissions from British Columbia’s harvest, 1965–2065. Carbon balance and management, 7(1), 1-20. 

https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-0680-7-8/figures/3

(see #4 in Diagrams, below)

Harmon, M. E., Ferrell, W. K., Franklin, J. F (1990). Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science, 247(4943), 699-702.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17771887/

Harmon, M. E. (2019). Have product substitution carbon benefits been overestimated? A sensitivity analysis of key assumptions. Environmental Research Letters, 14(6), 065008.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1e95

Howard, C. Dymond, C. C. Griess, V.C., Tolkien-Spurr, D. and van Kooten, G.C. (2021) Wood product carbon substitution benefits: a critical review of assumptions. Carbon Balance and Management, 16(1), 1-11.

https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13021-021-00171-w

Moomaw, W. R., & Law, B. E. (2023). A call to reduce the carbon costs of forest harvest, Nature. 620(7972):44-45. doi: 10.1038/d41586-023-02238-9.https://www-nature-com 

Peng, L., Searchinger, T. D., Zionts, J., & Waite, R. (2023). The carbon costs of global wood harvests. Nature, 620(7972), 110-115. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10396961/

(see #5  in Diagrams, below)

Pukkala, T. (2018). Carbon forestry is surprising. Ecosystems, 5(11).

https://forestecosyst.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40663-018-0131-5

Smith, J. E., Heath, L. S.; Skog, K. E. & Birdsey, R. A. (2006). Methods for calculating forest ecosystem and harvested carbon with standard estimates for forest types of the United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-343. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 216 pp. 

https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/22954

(see #6 in Diagrams, below)

Polanyi, Michael, Skene, Jennifer, Simard, Alice-Ann (2024). 2024 Logging Emissions Update: Reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from logging in Canada, Nature Canada, Natural Resources Defense Council, Nature Québeci

https://naturecanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-Logging-Emissions-Update-Report.pdf

Government of British Columbia. (2023). Provincial Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/data/provincial-inventory#:~:text=in%202021%2C%20B.C.'s%20gross,emissions%20reduction%20and%20sectoral%20targets

Forestry for the Future: www.forestryforthefuture.ca 

Forest Products Association: https://www.fpac.ca/